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Complete Unit 2 on Page 9-15. Answers and explanations will be provided in the next class. 2. Visit  HYPERLINK "http://world.new7wonders.com/new7wonders-of-the-world-page/new7wonders-of-the-world/" http://world.new7wonders.com/new7wonders-of-the-world-page/new7wonders-of-the-world/ to find out the official new 7 wonders of the world and report on one of the wonders in detail in the next class. lh*SR:N,TR_OQ[ vQYO:N,TbU\~ 1uYe^9hnc[EYef[`Q;N b0 Unit 3 Cloned Meat OK Listening: (50 minutes) * Short Conversations Long Conversation Passages Compound Dictation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 3 Drills, P19-22 Listening Expansion (20 minutes) Live Input 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 3 Live Input Exercise I, II & III, P17-18  HYPERLINK "Tapescript%20for%20Live%20Input%204.doc" Tapescript for Live Input 4.doc Leisure Time 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 3 Leisure Time, P18-19 CNN Student News  HYPERLINK "CNN%20Student%20News" CNN Student News Speaking (30 minutes) Oral Presentation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 3 Live Input Exercise IV Conversational skill 0eƉΑ'Yf[,TYe z4 0unit 2 Story Retelling  HYPERLINK "VOA%20American%20Stories" VOA American Stories Assignment 1. Complete Unit 4 on Page 23-29. Answers and explanations will be provided in the next class. 2. Surf the internet for most recent development / regulations on cloning and present your findings in the next class. Unit 5 Queen Elizabeth IIs 2007 Christmas Message Listening: (50 minutes) * Short Conversations Long Conversation Passages Compound Dictation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 5 Drills, P34-37 Listening Expansion (20 minutes) Live Input 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 5 Live Input Exercise I, II & III, P31-32  HYPERLINK "Tapescript%20for%20Live%20Input%204.doc" Tapescript for Live Input 4.doc Leisure Time 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 5 Leisure Time, P33 CNN Student News  HYPERLINK "CNN%20Student%20News" CNN Student News Speaking (30 minutes) Oral Presentation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 5 Live Input Exercise IV Conversational skill 0eƉΑ'Yf[,TYe z4 0unit 3 Story Retelling  HYPERLINK "VOA%20American%20Stories" VOA American Stories Assignment 1. Complete Unit 6 on Page 38-44. Answers and explanations will be provided in the next class. 2. Imitate one public speech you like and deliver it in the next class. Unit 7 A Tribute in Light Listening: (50 minutes) * Short Conversations Long Conversation Passages Compound Dictation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 7 Drills, P49-52 Listening Expansion (20 minutes) Live Input 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 7 Live Input Exercise I, II & III, P46-47  HYPERLINK "Tapescript%20for%20Live%20Input%204.doc" Tapescript for Live Input 4.doc Leisure Time 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 7 Leisure Time, P47-48 CNN Student News  HYPERLINK "CNN%20Student%20News" CNN Student News Speaking (30 minutes) Oral Presentation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 7 Live Input Exercise IV Conversational skill 0eƉΑ'Yf[,TYe z4 0unit 4 Story Retelling  HYPERLINK "VOA%20American%20Stories" VOA American Stories Assignment 1. Complete Unit 8 on Page 53-60. Answers and explanations will be provided in the next class. 2. Research on the terrorist attack happened around the world and give an account of one incident in the next class. 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Complete Unit 10 on Page 69-76. Answers and explanations will be provided in the next class. 2. Write a report on Chinese population and hand in next class. Unit 11 Post Offices Are in Danger Listening: (50 minutes) * Short Conversations Long Conversation Passages Compound Dictation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 11 Drills, P81-84 Listening Expansion (20 minutes) Live Input 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 11 Live Input Exercise I, II & III, P78-79  HYPERLINK "Tapescript%20for%20Live%20Input%204.doc" Tapescript for Live Input 4.doc Leisure Time 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 11 Leisure Time, P80-81 CNN Student News  HYPERLINK "CNN%20Student%20News" CNN Student News Speaking (30 minutes) Oral Presentation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 11 Live Input Exercise IV Conversational skill 0eƉΑ'Yf[,TYe z4 0unit 6 Story Retelling  HYPERLINK "VOA%20American%20Stories" VOA American Stories Assignment 1. Complete Unit 14 on Page 99-105. Answers and explanations will be provided in the next class. 2. Conduct a survey on the booming distribution logistics industry and present it in the next class. Unit 13 Animal Migration Listening: (50 minutes) * Short Conversations Long Conversation Passages Compound Dictation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 13 Drills, P93-98 Listening Expansion (20 minutes) Live Input 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 13 Live Input Exercise I, II & III, P96-98  HYPERLINK "Tapescript%20for%20Live%20Input%204.doc" Tapescript for Live Input 4.doc Leisure Time 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 13 Leisure Time, P93-94 CNN Student News  HYPERLINK "CNN%20Student%20News" CNN Student News Speaking (30 minutes) Oral Presentation 0'Yf[l,TYe z4 0Unit 13 Live Input Exercise IV Conversational skill 0eƉΑ'Yf[,TYe z4 0unit 7 Story Retelling  HYPERLINK "VOA%20American%20Stories" VOA American Stories Assignment 1. Complete Unit 14 on Page 99-105. Answers and explanations will be provided in the next class. 2. Produce a documentary on animal migration and present it in the next class. 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Tapescript for Live Input 4.doc  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F@K$Data JP1TableT2rWordDocument8SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObju  F#Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 ĵ MSWordDocWord.Document.89qPKH!JJPKUD̰ book 4.docࡱ> )` R^bjbjUUB??%LLL`HHH8 `<^"444333       $:h:/LN3/44;:;:;:H14L4 ;: ;:;:qLv4 м>HO1t6 Έ0Ot܍- dlvv܍d@$L|\3 ɥ ;:}A333//9^333```d``````  New Horizon College English Book IV eƉΑ'Yf[YeHh ,{VQ *YSt]'Yf[ YVf[b New Horizon College English Book 4 Unit 1& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .& 3 Unit 2& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 6 Unit 3& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 16 Unit 4& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 25 Unit 5& & 34 Unit 643 Unit 7...51 Unit 1 Book 4 Section A: The Tail of Fame 1. Teaching Objectives: To know the meaning and usage of some important words, phrases and patterns; To talk about your understanding of fame; To be familiar with the writing skills of the text and make use of it in writing. 2.Time Allotment: Section A (3 periods): 1st period: Pre-reading activities (Background information; warming up) 2ndperiod: While-reading activities Text structure analysis; language points) 3rdperiod: Post-reading activities (comprehension questions; summary; writing) 4th period: Assignment 3. Teaching Procedure: 3.1 Pre-reading Activities: 3.1.1 Background Information Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961): As an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American literature. Oscar Wilde (1854-1900): As an Irish writer and poet, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s after writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, Today he is remembered for his epigrams and plays, and the circumstances of his imprisonment which was followed by his early death. Steven Spielberg: As an American film director, screenwriter, producer, and studio entrepreneur, in a career of more than four decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust, the Transatlantic slave trade, war, and terrorism. He is considered one of the most popular and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. He is also one of the co-founders of DreamWorks movie studio. 3.1.2 Warming-up Group Discussion: Which celebrity do you worship? Why? Is fame something that you will strive to seek? Give your reasons. What do people seek fame for? 3.2 While-reading Activities: 3.2.1 Text Structure Analysis The writing method of this text is: Argumentation + Supporting Details + Conclusion. Part I Argumentation (Para. 1): Chasing fame often leads to self-destruction. Part II Supporting Details (Para. 2-5): Some negative effects. (Para. 6): An artist is hard to be both successful and uncompromising. (Para. 7): The greatest winners initially failed in the conquest of fame. (Para. 8)Examples of those who failed many times before their final success. Part III Conclusion (Para. 9): The writer s advice to those seeking fame and fortune. 3.2.2 Language Points Words and Phrases: 1. bankrupt: adj. without enough money to pay what one owes Many state-owned enterprises have gone bankrupt. YV gON4xNN0 Due to the fierce competition, many small business holders went bankrupt miserably0 zN_8^kw Y\ON`uv~SN4xN0 2. be hard-pressed to do sth. : have difficulty in doing sth. You are hard-pressed to deal with this tough job individually. `O_rNNYt}YُyhKbv]\O0 Under present circumstances, graduates feel hard-pressed to find a relatively suitable job. (WS_MR`Q N kNuaɉ_~b0RkTv]\O0 3. contaminate: v. make sth. dirty or poisonous The water supply was contaminated by the chemicals. 4lnS0RNSf[ir(valg0 The violent movies will contaminate the minds of youg people. fR5uq_OlgR\t^v``0 4. object to: oppose or disapprove of sth. Do you object to our design? `OS[bNvQ[T More and more people object to smoking. egYvNS[8Tp0 5. be intimate with: maintain a close relationship with; involve or have sexual relationship with sb. She was accused of being intimate with several men. gNyY TQ*N7uP[sQ|f'f0 She is intimate with all her classmates. yYTs N@b g Tf[vsQ|^8^N[=m0 6. accuse sb. of sth.: point out sb. has done something illegal or wrong The public accuse the government of slow reaction to the crisis. lQO#?e^b[~p*gZPQ_SevS^0 The director was accused of bribery. ;NNccS?0 7. They develop a style that agents market aggressively to hasten popularity and their ride on the express elevator to the top is a blur. Most would be hard-pressed to tell you how they even got there. (Para. 3) Meaning: The artists form a style that agents push hard to make them become popular in a fairly quick way. Most of artists would have rather a vague idea about how on earth they become famous. Here, in this sentence, ride on the express elevator to the top is metaphorically used, indicating the artists seek their fame in a rapid way. 8. After their enthusiasm dissolved, the public simply move on to the next flavor of the month. (Para. 3) Meaning: After their enthusiasm has disappeared, the public simply turn to another star who is very popular at that time, but similarly only for a short period of time. Here the author use the month to indicate a short period of time. 9. Fames spotlight can be hotter than a tropical jungle a fraud is quickly exposed, and the pressure of so much attention is too much for most to endure. (Para. 5) Meaning: Fame leads to a lot of publicity. If a famous person commits a fraud, it will be discovered by the public quickly. And famous people are always the focus of the public, so they attract too much attention which makes them live under great pressure. Here a tropical jungle is metaphorically used. 10. One drop of fame will likely contaminate the entire well of a mans soul, and so an artist who remains true to himself or herself is particularly amazing. (Para. 6) Meaning: Even a little bit of fame can poison a mans soul to great extent, and so an artist who still acts according to his or her own will or judgment is especially amazing. Here both drop and well are metaphorically used. drop here means a little bit, or a small tinge.. If you say someone is/remains true to sb./sth., you mean someone is loyal to sb./sth. in a consistent way. I promise I will always remain to myself forever. bSb\8l܏_Nb0 3.3 Post-reading Activities: 3.3.1Writing A General Statement Supported by Details  A general statement(G.S.)  Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3  3.3.2 Summary 3.3.3 Comprehension Questions Answering (Text Book P9) 3.4 Assignment 3.4.1 Exercises 3.4.2 Paragraph writing Directions: Write a composition of no less than 120 words with a general statement supported by details on the following topic. Topic: A Good Reputation Brings More Opportunities Unit 2 Book 4 Section A: Charlie Chaplin Teaching Objectives: To know the meaning and usage of some important words, phrases and patterns; To know the life of Charlie Chaplin; To be familiar with the writing skills of the text and make use of it in writing. 2. Time Allotment: 1st period: Pre-reading activities (Background information; warming up) 2ndperiod: While-reading activities Text structure analysis; language points) 3rdperiod: Post-reading activities (comprehension questions; summary; writing) 4th period: Assignment 3. Teaching Procedure: 3.1 Pre-reading Activities: 3.1.1 Background Information Charlie Chaplin: Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16th April 1889 in Walworth, London, and lived a Dickensian childhood, shared with his brother, Sydney, that included extreme poverty, workhouses and seeing his mothers mental decline put her into an institution. Both his parents, though separated when he was very young, were music hall artists, his father quite famously so. But it was his mother that Charlie idolised and was inspired by during his visit of the backstage while she performed, to take up such a career for himself. Dickens: Charles Dickens(18121870), an English novelist, considered by many to be the greatest one of all. Many of his famous books describe life in Victorian England and show how hard it was, especially for the poor and for children. They include The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities. 3.1.2 Warming-up Group Discussion: What disadvantages did Chaplin face early in his life and how did these perhaps help him later? When it came to relationships, what were the main problem existing in his personality and how did this effect his life? What kind of role did Oona ONeill play in his life? 3.2 While-reading Activities: 3.2.1 Text Structure Analysis Part I ( Para 1-2): A brief introduction of Charlie Chaplin. Part II (Para 3-6): Charlie Chaplins success in his screen career. Part III (Para 7-8): Chaplins emotional life. Part IV (Para 9): Chaplins death. 3.2.2 Language Points Para. 1 He wore his mother's old red stockings cut down for ankle socks. N@bzvw/fNYYv~r NjR Negv0 cut down: reduce the size of (sth. such as clothing, writing, etc.) (c g0ezI{)9e\ 9ew We need to cut the article down to 1,000 words. bNbez)w0R1,000W[0 I could cut your father's trousers down for the boy. bSNb`O6rNvP[9ew~ُ7ui[z0 cut her hours down at workQ\yYv]\Oe His mother was temporarily declared mad. NYYN^ʋe:N|^y1Y8^0 Meaning: His mother was once said to be mentally ill / diagnosed as being mentally ill. Dickens might have created Charlie Chaplin's childhood. Meaning: When he was a child, Charlie Chaplin lived a miserable life, which was much like the one described in Dickens' famous novel named Oliver Twist. Therefore, if he had learnt of chaplin's childhood, Dickens might have written something about it. rfebOR\OQgtSS+Rgvzt^EeN might have + V-ed: used to say that sth. was possible in the past, but we know that it did not in fact happen the little man in rags who gave his creator permanent fame. Meaning: Chaplin has won himself long-lasting fame by acting as "the Tramp", who was always wearing old torn clothes. in rags: dressed in old worn-out clothes Para.2 have provided more applause (and profit) where Chaplin is concerned than the land of his birth. Meaning: Chaplin was welcomed more enthusiastically and made more money in other countries where he had traveled than in his motherland, Britain. applause: n. the noise made by a group of people clapping their hands and sometimes shouting to show their approval or enjoyment applaud: v. (1) show approval or enjoyment of ( a play, actor, performer, etc.), esp. by striking one's hands togetherc She was applauded as she came on stage. yYN NS‰OsSbNcX0 express strong approval of ( a person, idea, etc.)^ T We all applauded the authority's decision not to close the hospital. bN^ TS_@\ NsQ;SbvQ[0 I applaud her for having the courage to refuse. b^OyYbeNb~vRl0 Chaplin quit Britain for good in 1913 when he journeyed to America & Meaning: Chaplin left Britain for America in 1913 and never went back& for good: permanently; forever This time she's leaving for good. ُN!kyY\/f8l܏0Wy_N0 I'd like an excuse to get rid of him for good. bN*NPS\N8lEN_d0 & where talent scouts recruited him to work for Mack Sennett, the king of Hollywood comedy films. (W̑ NfcbR0R}Y^WUgRGrKNsKQ^X~yrve N]\O0 scout: n. (1) [C] a person employed to look for people with particular skills, esp. in sport or entertainment ǖ(uegirrЏRXT0oXTI{ NMbvNXTs4Y fc He was spotted by a scout at the age of 13. N(W13\t^1\s4Y~v NN0 [C] a person, esp. a soldier, sent out to get information about where the enemy are and what they are doing O[XT He sent four scouts ahead to take a look at the bridge. N>mNV TO[XT0RMRbS[ w^'Yehv`Q0 & the king of Hollywood comedy films. Meaning: & the most important producer of Hollywood comedy films. Para. 3 Sad to say, many English people in the 1920's and 1930's thought Chaplin's Tramp a bit, well, "crude". Meaning: It is sad to say that many English people in the 1920's and 1930's considered Chaplin's Tramp a bit "rude and offensive". The expression "sad to say" reflects the author's view / judgment of the event. crude: adj. (1) lacking grace, education, or sensitive feeling|v a crude remark |v݋ a crude joke |Ov{݋ simple and not skillfully done or made |6Rv |Kv crude sketch |euvIV crude furniture |6R[wQ in the natural state; not refined )Y6qv *gR]v crude oil Sl crude rubber )Y6qaj Certainly middle-class audiences did; the working-class audiences were more likely to clap for a character who revolted against authority, using his wicked little cane to trip it up, or aiming the heel of his boot for a well-placed kick at its broad rear. Meaning: There is no doubt that middle-class audiences thought so (Chaplin's Tramp a bit crude); this character was more popular among working-class audiences because he showed his discontent with people of authority by using his little cane to make them fall or by directing a kick at their rears. certainly: adv. more often expressing the idea of "definitelyfnx0W" and "really" c.f. surely: adv. more often expressing surprise, doubt or reliefu悄v Q{ (esp. in British English) He certainly impressed me. I thought he was very bright and talented. N~bpSa_m /f*Njfr^vN0 Surely, you aren't going out like this, are you? `O NO1\ُ7h1\pQS'T clap: vt. hit one's open hands together several times to show that one approves of or has enjoyed sth.bKb He clapped his hands for silence. NbbKb:ya'Y[[Y0 Everyone clapped us when we went up to get our prize. bN NSVYvePk*NN:NbNc0 revolt: v. (1) (usu. + against) take violent action against the people in powerSb The people revolted against their oppressors. NlSbvQS0 reject the authority of a person or reject sth.; make (sb.) feel unpleasantly shocked or disgustedSS Sa She revolted against her ballet training at sixteen. yY16\veP_Yb~~~0 We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house. yYv?bP[SSqN _wNbNvSa0 n. the action or state of protesting against or resisting authoritywIN SqN They seized the power in a revolt. NN(WN!kwIN-N:Y_N?eCg0 The army has put down the revolt. Q]s^o`NSqN0 & using his wicked little cane to trip it up NN}vv\bVgO~P[ bbvtTߍ[QCgR['YvN"0 trip (up): (cause to) catch one's foot and lose one's balance ~ ~P Be careful you don't trip up on the step.\_ N(WS6 N~P0 He was tripped up by a passer-by. NN*NǏvN~PN0 & or aiming the heel of his boot for a well-placed kick at its broad rear. aim at: (1) point or direct (a gun, etc.) towards (sb. or sth.) & Chaplin's comic beggar didn't seem all that English or even working class. Meaning: The amusing character, the beggar created by Chaplin, didn't seem like an Englishman very much, and its appearance wasn't that of working class either. (not) all that: (not) very, (not) particularly; usu. used in statements with negative meaning when you want to weaken the force of what you are saying Things aren't all that good. N`v^ NHNz)R0 He wasn't all that older than we were. Nv^ NkbNY\0 He said it would not be all that difficult to reach a peaceful conclusion to the conflict. N1\dkQzbTs^OSv^l gHNV0 English tramps didn't sport tiny moustaches, huge pants or tail coats: European leaders and Italian waiters wore things like that. Meaning: English tramps didn't wear tiny moustaches (hair which a man grows on his upper lip), very big pants or tail coats: these were something European leaders and Italian waiters wore; therefore, Chaplin's beggar didn't look like an English tramp. Please note that "pants" is American English and always in the plural form whereas British English-speaking people prefer to say "underpants" or "panties". sport: v. wear or show publicly and sometimes proudly The front of the car sported a German flag. ُfMRbc@w_VVe0 He wore rimless glasses and sported a neat grey moustache, very impressive. N4b@wem  S gYVNMb7h N/fT coarse: adj. (1) rude and offensive, esp. about sex coarse manners |v>Nbk coarse language |Ov (of skin or fabric) rough; not soft a jacket made of very coarse cloth (u|^ZPv9YKQ a beach of coarse sand |lvwmn c.f. coarse gross vulgar+T |v 0 NŖv a`0 coarse c 0>NbkI{|vb NŖv YDon't use coarse words before a lady. (WYsYMR N|v݋0g ross c |Αv 0 NAmv Ya revoltingly gross expletive NAm_NN\OUTvN*NZ͋0 vulgar c |Ov 0 QS Nv 0 ^Ov h:y݋[Sv`^ba YHe is a man of vulgar taste. N/f*N gNO~sTvN0 But for over half of his screen career, Chaplin had no screen voice to confirm his British nationality. Meaning: But more than half of the roles Chaplin played were in silent films, so his voice was not heard to establish his British nationality. (WSS+Rg'YJSvU^um-N U^ NvN/f NQXv _N1\elfN/fVN0 nationality: n. membership of a particular nation Para. 4 Indeed, it was a headache for Chaplin when he could no longer resist the talking movies and had to find "the right voice" for his Tramp. Meaning: Indeed, it was a difficult thing for Chaplin when he could not refuse to accept the talking movies and had to find "the appropriate voice" for his Tramp. He postponed that day as long as possible: in Modern Times in 1936, the first film in which he was heard as a singing waiter, he made up a nonsense language which sounded like no known nationality. (Para. 4) Meaning: He put off that day as long as possible: in his first talking movie Modern Times in 1936, he played the role of a waiter who sang in the movie and invented a kind of language that didn't make sense and that could not be used to confirm his nationality. postpone: v. 1 (usu. + until, till, to, for)put off, delay (an event), esp. arranging for it to take place at a later date or timeO^g, cߏ, dnb... >e(W!k0WMO(to)00b(gy͋I{)>e(WTb[S>\] be postponed for an hour^ߏN\e postpone sending an answerfT{ Y The ball game was postponed because of rain.t[V^g0 make up: (1) inventZg; Oc I was trying to make up a good excuse for being so late. bckՋV:Nߏ0RُHNe*NSOvt1u0 To apply cosmetics.(uSYTSY form the whole of sth. gb ~b Girls make up 60% of the student population. sYu`Sf[uNpev60%0 To make good (a deficit or lack) %_edW[b N  made up the difference in the bill.%_eN^US Nv] To compensate foreP make up the lost time.e1YSve He later said he imagined the Tramp to be a college-educated gentleman who'd come down in the world. Meaning: After the movie was finished, he said he intended to make the character Tramp a gentleman who had once attended college, but then lost his social position. come / go down in the world; move down in the world: have less money and a worse social position than one had before=D foP 1YR He was once wealthy, but now he has come down in the world. NǏS_[ g FOYN]~=DN0 c.f. come / go up in the world; move up in the world & it's doubtful if he would have achieved world fame. And the English would have been sure to find it "odd". Meaning: & he would be unlikely to achieve world fame, and as a result the English would surely have thought of it as "strange". doubtful: adj. (1) (about) (of a person) not sure; uncertain and feeling doubt Rose was doubtful about the whole idea. We[te*N`lh:y`u0 He was doubtful about accepting extra work. N؏ N[/f&TcSYv]\O0 (+ if / that / whether-clause) unlikely; not probable It's doubtful if / whether this painting is a Picasso. ُE^;u/f N/fkR"};uv_e@ Your arm is bleeding. `Ov󀊁(WAm@0 pension: n. an amount of money paid regularly by a government or company to sb. who is considered to be too old or too ill to work{Qё Oё bd`ё His father retired on a pensionN6rNON `{Qёu;m0 She went to the post office to draw her pension. yYS@\SOё0 He retired on a company pension. NOe_0RNlQSvOё0 & the landlord raised the rent by a hundred dollars. rent: (1) n. a fixed amount of money sb. pays regularly for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc. that is owned by sb. elseyё You have to pay the rent one month in advance.`O_NN*Ngv?by0 v. to pay or receive a fixed amount of money for the use of a room, car, television, etc.Qy She agreed to rent me her room. yY TabyYv?by~b0 Para. 2 I have opted to live a life of complete honesty. So instead, I go out and drum up some business and draw cartoons. Meaning: I have chosen to live a completely honest life. So I don't lie to get some extra welfare money, but I go out and try hard to get some business and draw cartoons. opt: (often +for) to make a choice or decision: bbQ[ opted for early retirement bceO opted not to go b NS ( opt to do sth.: choose to do sth.; decide to do sth. in preference to anything else drum up: try hard to get support, customers, business, etc. zRNSǏc~ NavRR&^eg drum up new businessRR_RevNN drum up support for the campaign. :Nz NS/ec0 Oh, I'm tempted to get paid under the table. Meaning: I feel a desire to make money secretly /to be paid without being known to others. under the table: (AmE) in a secret waỳ0W̑ y N = (BrE) under the counter. But even if I yielded to that temptation, big magazines are not going to get involved in some sticky situation. Meaning: But even if I couldn't resist / gave in to that temptation and wanted to be paid without being known to caseworkers, big magazines I am working for won't agree to get themselves into trouble by telling lies for my sake. yield to: (1) stop resisting (sth.)H\ gN I yielded to an impulse. b,TQNevQRLNN0 (formal) be replaced by sth.SN sticky: adj. (1) (informal) difficult or unpleasantVv hKbv We've got a sticky problem to deal with. bN g*NhKbvYt0 a sticky problem / situation N*NhKbv/_Yv@\b made of or covered in a substance that sticks to things that touch it|v Her hands were sticky from the ice cream. yYvKbVl NNQmm |NNNNv0 (informal) (of the weather) hot and damp a sticky, humid afternoon N*NSpSnov NHS Very high-profile. w/f`^f k N+T|0 Meaning: The big magazines appear to be open and above-board as they honestly report to the welfare caseworkers the amount of money I make. Please note the sarcastic tone of the writer. When we refer to somebody as a high-profile person or something as a high-profile event, we mean they attract a lot of attention or publicity. profile: n. (1) [C] the general impression that sb. or sth. gives to the public and the amount of attention they receive_Nlvvr` keep a low profile on this issue. (Wُ*N NOcNOY`0 The deal will certainly raise the company's international profile. ُ{uaN[OcؚlQSvVEb_a0 [C] a side view, esp. of sb.'s headb萄vObP a picture of the chairman in profile;N-^vN _ObP a description of sb. / sth. that gives useful informationc a detailed profile of our customerssQN~[v~chHh0 Para. 3 As a welfare client I'm expected to bow before the caseworker. Meaning: As a welfare client, people believe I should behave in a way which makes me less important and weaker in front of the caseworker. Deep down, caseworkers know that they are being made fools of by many of their clients, and they feel they are entitled to have clients bow to them as compensation. Meaning: In their true feelings, caseworkers know that their clients are fooling them for extra money, and, in return, they feel they have the right to get these welfare beneficiaries to behave humbly. deep down: in sb.'s true feeling; in fact rather than by appearance(WQ_mY make a fool of sb.: trick sb. into behaving foolishlya_gN He'd been made a fool of. NNN0 Your brother is making a fool of you. `ODQ_(Wa_`O0 be entitled to sth./to do sth.: have the right to have or do sth. gCgN g/ZP& & You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65. `O0R65\e SNNS{Qё0 Officers are entitled to travel first class.[XT gCgPW4YI{10 I'm not being bitter. Meaning: I am not feeling angry deliberately / on purpose. The structure  be being + adjective / noun : is used to talk about action and behaviour. You're being stupid. (= You're doing stupid things.) I was being very careful. (= I was doing something very carefully.) bitter: adj. proceeding from or exhibiting strong animosity u悄v uh`vEQnLeav `h`v Resulting from or expressive of severe grief, anguish, or disappointmentgRpv1u`u0|`b1Yg_wv hsQ`u0|`T1Ygv cried bitter tears.u0WAml4l & begin as college-educated liberals& liberal: n. a person who understands and respects other people's opinions and behaviour, esp. when they are different from their own_fNX He liked to think of himself as a liberal. NU"kb]`Pb_fNX0 adj. willing to tolerate behaviour, opinions, etc. different from one's own; open to new ideas generous; given in large amounts She is very liberal with her money. yY_'Ye0 concerned with increasing sb.'s general knowledge and experience rather than particular skills liberal arts/ a liberal education 'Yf[ey/nfYe Para. 6 & you'd better have a receipt for it, by God. receipt: n. (1) a piece of paper that shows that goods or services have been paid for Can I have a receipt, please? ~bN _6enc}YT make out a receipt _N _6enc (formal) the act of receiving sth. Did you write to acknowledge receipt of their cheque? `O/f&T]QOwNN6e0RN/ehy The goods will be dispatched on receipt of an order form. 6e0RUSsSS'0 By (my) God! vvnxnx! You have to report any donations or gifts. (Para.6) donation: n. sth. that is given to a person or an organization such as a charity, in order to help them; the act of giving sth. in this wayPc`T ( donate: v. (1) give money, food, clothes, etc. to sb. or some organization, esp. a charityPc` He donated thousands of pounds to charities. NTHaU:ggPcNQCSQ0 allow doctors to remove blood or a body organ in order to help sb. who needs it.s@ Pc`hV[ All donated blood is tested for HIV and other infections. @b g.sv@~Ǐh w/f&T&^ gHIVbvQN Ogu0 Para.7 This was my cue to beg. Meaning: This remark was a signal made by Suzanne for me to ask for forgiveness. & I talked back. (Para.7) talk back: answer sb. rudely, esp. sb. in authorityv4V The girl talked him back. sYi[TNv4V0 Children who talk back are regarded as cheeky and disrespectful. v4Vvi[P[:N/fSS8vS NakUS0 account for: be or give a reason for (sth. or doing sth.) bJTv(uI{ ʑ f (Discussed in Unit 10A, Book 1) I find it very difficult to account for the fact that two of our best students failed the exam. bɉ__ʑ:NNHN$N Tg}Yvf[uՋ NSk-Nl gfnxĉ[0 shift: n.(here) yR, yMO, SS, ns, Rl, Kbk & building up my market. build up: create or developek^z ek^ She's built up a very successful business. yY^zwN[bRvON0 The gallery has built up a fine collection of contemporary art. ُ[/g6eυN N\|vS_Nz/g\OT0 It's impossible to jump off welfare& Meaning: It is not possible to shift away from welfare and depend on oneself all of a sudden. & not have to go through an embarrassing situation& go through: (1) experience or suffer~S mS S He would go through fire and water for his country. :NNV[NtdlHkp_N(W@b N`0 He has already gone through many sufferings. N]~SNY悾0 [bZP[ ǏybQ The law has gone through Parliament.O]~ǏNُylHh0 Their plans went through.NNvR_0RNybQ0 Para.15 There needs to be a lawyer who can act as a champion for the rights of welfare clients, because the system so easily lends itself to abuse by the welfare givers as well as by the clients. Meaning: Welfare clients need a lawyer who can enthusiastically support, defend and fight for their rights, as the system can be so easily abused by both parties the welfare givers and the clients. There + needs: other verbs can also be used in this way. For example: There seems to be some problems. Could you be quiet? There happens to be a lecture going on. There tends to be jealousy when a new little brother or sister comes along. In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker. There remains nothing more to be done. Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black. There followed an uncomfortable silence. With some verbs (e.g. say, think, feel, report, understand, presume), the passive structure is possible with there. There are thought to be more than 3, 000 different languages in the world. There was said to be disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary. VQ?e'Y champion: n. (1) a person who fights for, or speaks in support of a group of people or a beliefbb bX a champion for justice ckINv~b She was a champion of the poor all her life. yYNuEQS_wzNvNN0 a person, team, etc. that has won a competition, esp. in a sportQQ the world basketball champions NLu{tQQ v. fight for or speak in support of a group of people or a beliefbb /ec He has always championed the cause of gay rights. NNv(W/ecNS T'`K`Cg)RvNN0 lend oneself to: be easily used for a particular activity or result[NgN gRNgN O bg~g The computer lends itself to many different uses. ُS5uT N T(u0 Her voice doesn't really lend itself well to blues singing. yYvU N*YT1U݄Lkf0 & the connection to my urine bag was leaking. (Para.15) leak: v. (1) (of a liquid or gas) get in or out through a small hole or crack in sth.o Water had started to leak into the cellar. 4l_YneQ0W N[0 give secret information to the public, for example by telling a newspaperl2 2 The contents of the report were leaked to the press. ُNbJTvQ[]~l2~NeLu0 Para. 16 Would I sit on the governor's committee & sit on: be an official member of a group of people that represent or control an organization:N...vNXT,(W...-NNL_O, cbb She sat on the company's board for five years. yY(WlQSvcNOS_N5t^cN0 He sits on a number of committees. N/f}YQ*NYXTOvYXT0 Para.17 Someday people like me will thrive under a new system that will encourage them, not seek to convict them of cheating. Meaning: One day in the future, disabled people like me living on welfare will do well and get successful if the old system is transformed into a new one that encourages its clients instead of seeking to prove them to be cheating. thrive: v. become and continue to be successful, strong, healthy, etc. tQeS Xb New businesses thrive in this area. ُ0Wee_ _vua_tQ0 convict: (1) v. decide and state officially in a court of law that sb. is guilty of a crime~[ f ... ... gj [$R ... ... gj He is a convicted murderer. N/f*N][jv@gNr0 There wasn't enough evidence to convict her. l gYvnceg[yYvj0 convict & of: declare (sb.) guilty of (a crime); persuade (sb.) to believe the truth of (sth. he or she has done wrong) $RQ& & gj Oma gj O gj 3.3 Post-reading Activities: 3.3.1Writing SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  3.3.2 Summary 3.3.3 Comprehension Questions Answering (Text Book P60) 3.4 Assignment 3.4.1 Exercises 3.4.2 Paragraph writing Directions: Write a composition of no less than 120 words in accordance with the phenomena-problems behind them-suggestion structure on the following topic. You can follow the detailed outlines given as follows. Topic: Longing for a Quality-Oriented Education System Outlines: 1. ^ՋYe6R^ Nv Nosa 2. ^ՋYe6R^vmB\ 3. `Ov^0 Unit 4 Book 4 Section A: The Telecommunications Revolution 1. Teaching Objectives: To know the meaning and usage of some important words, phrases and patterns; To talk about electronic communication; To be familiar with the writing skills of the text and make use of it in writing 2. Time Allotment: 1st period: Pre-reading activities (Background information; warming up) 2nd period: While-reading activities Text structure analysis; language points) 3rdperiod: Post-reading activities (comprehension questions; summary; writing) 4th period: Assignment 3. Teaching Procedure: 3.1 Pre-reading Activities: 3.1.1 Background Information Information Age: The Information Age is an era of fundamental and global change in intellectual, philosophical, cultural and social terms. Todays Information Age began with the telegraph. It was the first instrument to transform information into electrical form and transmit it reliably over long distances. New techniques of encoding and distributing digital information are promoting the progress of the Information Age throughout society. Information Superhighway: This is a name first used by former US vice-president Al Gore for the vision of a global, high-speed communications network that would carry voice, data, video, and other forms of information all over the world, and that would make it possible for people to send e-mail, get up-to-the-minute news, and access business, government and educational information. The Internet is already providing many of these features, via telephone networks, cable TV services, online service providers, and satellites. In the US, the information superhighway is also known as National Information Infrastructure. The information superhighway can be understood to be a highway which has computer technology and modern telecommunications technology serving as the base of the road and fiber-optic cables serving as the surface of the road. The vehicles are the multimedia machines equipped with computer, television and telephone, and high speed transmission and exchange of various multimedia information form the web covering the whole nation. If the national superhighways all over the world are linked together, the global information superhighway will be created. 3.1.2 Warming-up Group Discussion: Why are so many developing countries conducting the telecommunications revolution? Is it true of the revolution that, the faster, the better? What benefits will the revolution bring to the developing countries? 3.2 While-reading Activities: 3.2.1 Text Structure Analysis Part I (Para. 1-2): The overwhelming advantages of telecommunications revolution. Part II (Para. 3): It puts forward a question for consideration: how fast to develop telecommunications technologies in developing countries. Part III. (Para. 4-10): This part deals with 6 different countries or regions in the transformation of telecommunications technologies. Part IV. (Para. 11): A conclusion full of confidence. 3.2.2 Language Points The Telecommunications Revolution (Title) telecommunications: n. the sending and receiving of messages over distance, esp. by telephone, radio and television 5uO ܏ݍyO Note: Often: telecommunications (usage: used with a sing. verb8^NUSpeR͋ޏ(u) Para.1 A transformation is occurring that should greatly boost living standards in the developing world. Meaning: A change is taking place that should greatly improve and promote standards of living of the developing countries. boost: (1) v. make sth. increase, or become better or more successfulXRcؚXۏ9eU to boost pricescؚNyO/NW@xe Vast sums are needed to maintain the infrastructure. O{QW@xe]>ky0 & allowing people to log on to the most advanced services available. Meaning: & allowing people to gain access to the most advanced services that can be used. ONNYۏeQ|~ _gHQۏv gR0 log on to / onto: put one's name into a computer so that one can start using it{vU_0R Anyone can log on to this computer. NUONSN{vU_ُS{:g0 In order to log on to the system you have to type in a special password. :NNۏeQ|~ _{eQyrkvL[x0 Para.6 To offer peak performance& peak: (1) adj. used to describe the highest level of sth., or a time when the greatest number of people are doing or using sth. The Information Age is a time of peak demand for computers.Oo`eN/f'YϑBl5uveg0 March is one of the peak periods for our business. NgN/fbNNRvؚ\g0 n. [C] the point when sb. or sth. is best, most successful, strongest, etc. Demand for coal is at its peak in January and February. N0NgN/f[dqvBlϑg'YvgN0 Membership of the club has fallen from a peak of 600 people in 1990.OPNOXTvNpe]N1990t^600Nvؚ\̍= Neg0 Para.7 & sold a 30% stake in its national phone company & stake: n. (1) (sing.) an interest or concern, esp. financialN )RvsQ| He holds a 40% stake in the company. N(Wُ[lQSb g40%v,g0 The company is selling off its 15% stake in the Commercial Bank. ُ[lQSck(WQ.U15%vFUNLvN0 [C] a pointed piece of wood, metal, etc. for driving into the ground as a mark, for holding a rope, etc. ih hih One of the stakes in the fence is broken. {{ NvN9hihbeN0 To further reduce the waiting list for phones, Hungary has leased rights to a Dutch -Scandinavian group of companies to build and operate what it says will be one of the most advanced digital mobile phone systems in the world. lease: v. (~ sth. from sb., ~ sth. to sb.) use or let sb. use sth., esp. property or equipment, in exchange for rent or a regular payment yP Qy We have leased an apartment for one year. bN]y0RNWYlQ[ yg:NNt^0 He had persuaded them to lease him a house. N] gNNy~NN^?bP[0 n. [C] an agreement giving the use of a house, etc. on payment of rent y~ The lease runs out in two years' time. y~$Nt^T0Rg0 We signed the lease yesterday. bN(f)Y~{Ny~0 In fact, wireless is one of the most popular ways to get a phone system up fast in developing countries. Meaning: As a matter of fact, wireless is one of the most widely used ways to build a phone system fast in developing countries. get sth. up: make sth. advance, increase, or improve & eager for reliable service& reliable: adj. that may be trusted; dependable We are looking for someone who is reliable and hard working. bN(W[~bS` RKYvN0 Our information comes from a reliable source. bNvmo`egnw[S`0 & to accept a significantly higher price tag for a wireless call& tag: n. [C] a small piece of paper, plastic, etc. attached to sth. to identify it or give information about ith~{ hLr He put name tags on all his shirts.N(W]@b gvlc Nc NY TLr0 The police use electronic tags to monitor the whereabouts of young offenders on probation.f[)R(u5uP[Lrvc$RRvt^{rNvL*0 Para. 8 Wireless demand and usage have also exploded across the entire width and breadth of Latin America. Meaning: There is a sudden popularity of mobile phones all over the countries in Latin America. For wireless phone service providers, nowhere is business better than in Latin America having an operation there is like having an endless pile of money at your disposal. Meaning: For wireless phone service providers, business is the more profitable in Latin America than in other countries, and if you have an operation there, you are sure to make a lot of money without any risk. disposal n. (1) [U] the power or authority to use freely/eMCg YnCg During your visit, I will put my room at your disposal. (W`OeggbObbv?b~`O(u0 The young lady has entire disposal of the house. ُMOt^{v\Y[ُ^?bP[ g[hQvYnCg0 [U] the act of getting rid of sth. Yt md His business is waste disposal. NvNR/fYtW>W0 Please see to the disposal of that rubbish. #YtcX^ir0 ( at one s disposal: available for one to use as one wishes OgNO(u 1ugN/eM Well, I'm at your disposal. }Y'T be,T`O]c0 He will have a car at his disposal for the whole month. ُNte*NgO gNfONO(u0 That's partly because Latin American customers talk two to four times as long on the phone as people in North America. Note the structure "two to four times as long as" in the sentence. We can use this structure to indicate the size or extent of something by comparing it to something else. Expressions such as "twice", "three times" or "one fifth" can be used in front of "asas": Water is eight hundred times as dense as air. This animal is three times as popular with girls as with boys. Para.9 So mobile phones have become the rage among businesspeople, who can remain in contact despite the traffic jams. Meaning: So having mobile phones has become popular and fashionable among the people who work in business because mobile phones can keep them in touch with other people even when they are caught in traffic jams. VdkyR5u݋(WFULub:Ne\ ONN(WN5X^Xe_NNYLuOcT|0 rage: n. (1) (be the ~): (informal) be very popular and fashionableAmL e\ Fax machines in cars are all the rage in California.R)Ry<\NAmL}lf̑ňM Ow:g0 a feeling of violent anger that is difficult to control$a` &ZoR His face was dark with rage. NVl$a 8rR0 Sue stormed out of the room in a rage. ςl|`0WQQ?b0 Para.10 & to keep pace with anyone& keep pace with change quickly in response to sth. that is changingN& & PekMRۏ Earnings have not kept pace with inflation. 6eeQvXv N N'0 Para.11 For countries that have lagged behind for so long, the temptation to move ahead in one jump is hard to resist. Meaning: For countries that have been backward for a long time, it is hard for them to resist the temptation to leap over whole stages of economic development. lag behind: fail to remain level with (sth. or sb.); be slower than (sb. or an animal) We must not lag behind other nations in our efforts to help those people made homeless by the great floods. (W.^RNV*m4l e[SR_vNeb bNN[ N=TNvQNV[0 3.3 Post-reading Activities: 3.3.1Writing SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  3.3.2 Summary 3.3.3 Comprehension Questions Answering (Text Book P86) 3.4 Assignment 3.4.1 Exercises 3.4.2 Paragraph writing Directions: Write a composition of no less than 120 words with a Advantages of sth.-How to do it-Conclusion pattern on the following topic. You can follow the detailed outlines given as follows. Topic: How to Exploit the Internet to Our Advantage Outlines: 1. NTQ~bN&^egvvY 2. >NOfYUO_}Y0W)R(uNTQ 3. `Ov~0 Unit 5 Book 4 Section A: Choose to Be Alone on Purpose Teaching Objectives: To know the meaning and usage of some important words, phrases and patterns; To learn about solitude and company, and try to find out ways of solving roommates problems; To be familiar with the writing skills of the text and write paragraphs with comparisons and contrasts. 2. Time Allotment: 1st period: Pre-reading activities (Background information; warming up) 2nd period: While-reading activities Text structure analysis; language points) 3rdperiod: Post-reading activities (comprehension questions; summary; writing) 4th period: Assignment 3. Teaching Procedure: 3.1 Pre-reading Activities: 3.1.1 Background Information Henry David Thoreau: U.S. thinker, essayist, and naturalist (18171862). Born in Concord, Mass., Thoreau graduated from Harvard University and taught school for several years before deciding to become a poet of nature. Back in Concord, he came under the influence of R. W. Emerson and began to publish pieces in the TranscendentalistHQv magazine The Dial. In the years 1845 1847, to demonstrate how satisfying a simple life could be, he lived in a hut beside Concord's Walden Pond; essays recording his daily life were assembled for his masterwork, Walden (1854). His A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) was the only other book he published in his lifetime. He reflected on a night he spent in jail protesting the Mexican-American War in the essay Civil Disobedience (1849), which would later influence such figures as M. Gandhi and M. L. King. In later years his interest in Transcendentalism waned and he became a dedicated abolitionist. His many nature writings and records of his wanderings in Canada, Maine, and Cape Cod display the mind of a keen naturalist. After his death his collected writings were published in 20 volumes, and further writings have continued to appear in print. John Milton: English poet (16081674). Milton attended Cambridge University (16251632), where he wrote poems in Latin, Italian, and English; these included L'Allegro and Il Penseroso, both published later in Poems (1645). During 16321638 he engaged in private study writing the masque Comus (1637) and the extraordinary elegy Lycidas (1638) and toured Italy. Concerned with the Puritan cause in England, he spent much of 16411660 pamphleteering for civil and religious liberty and serving in Oliver Cromwell's government. His best-known prose is in the pamphlets Areopagitica (1644), on freedom of the press, and Of Education (1644). He lost his sight in the year of 1651, and thereafter dictated his works. His disastrous first marriage ended with his wife's death in 1652; two later marriages were more successful. After the Restoration he was arrested as a noted defender of the Commonwealth, but was soon released. In Paradise Lost (1667), his epic masterpiece on the Fall of Man written in blank verse, he uses his sublime grand style with superb power; his characterization of Satan is a supreme achievement. He further expressed his purified faith in God and the regenerative strength of the individual soul in Paradise Regained (1671), an epic in which Christ overcomes Satan the tempter, and Samson Agonistes (1671), a tragedy in which the Old Testament figure conquers self-pity and despair to become God's champion. Considered second only to W. Shakespeare in the history of English-language poetry, Milton had an immense influence on later literature; though attacked early in the 20th century, he had regained his place in the Western canon by mid-century. William Wordsworth: English poet (17701850). Orphaned at 13, Wordsworth attended Cambridge Univ., but remained rootless and virtually penniless until 1795, when a legacy made possible a reunion with his sister D. Wordsworth. He became friends with S. T. Coleridge, with whom he wrote Lyrical Ballads (1798), the collection often considered to have launched the English Romantic Movement. Wordsworth's contributions include Tintern Abbey and many lyrics controversial for their common, everyday language. Around 1798 he began writing the epic autobiographical poem that would absorb him intermittently for the next 40 years, The Prelude (1850). His second verse collection, Poems, in Two Volumes (1807), includes many of the rest of his finest works, including Ode: Intimations of Immortality. His poetry is perhaps most original in its vision of the almost divine power of the creative imagination reforging the links between man and man, between humankind and the natural world. The most memorable poems of his middle and late years were often cast in elegiac mode; few match the best of his earlier works. By the time he became widely appreciated by the critics and the public, his poetry had lost much of its force and his radical politics had yielded to conservatism. In 1843 he became England's poet laureate. He is regarded as the central figure in the initiation of English Romanticism. 3.1.2 Warming-up Group Discussion: Do you want to live in solitude? Why or Why not? Why is it characteristic of American hero to live in solitude? What should one do so as to live alone with no feeling of loneliness? 3.2 While-reading Activities: 3.2.1 Text Structure Analysis Part I (Para.1): It tells us living alone is a common social phenomenon. Part II (Para.2): It tells what people think of living alone. Part III (Para.3-10): The author mentions 3 famous literary giants who choose to be alone and tells us what message we can draw from the people who choose to be alone. Part IV (Para.11-16): The authors comments on living alone and what he advises for living in solitude. 3.2.2 Language Points Para. 1 Here we are, all by ourselves, all 22 million of us by recent count, alone in our rooms, some of us liking it that way and some of us not. Meaning: We are here, living all alone according to recent statistics up to 22 million of us are living alone in our rooms; some like the solitary way of life and some don't like it. by count: by calculating the number of units in a group By our count that's the fifth cake you've eaten. bNpeNN N ُ/f`OTv,{NWWˆ|0 By my count there are 270 people present. b~NN N g270NQ-^0 alone: adj. & adv. without other people He likes being alone in the house.NU"krꁅ_(W[-N0 She decided to climb the mountain alone.yYQ[rꁻS,rq\0 Some of us divorced, some widowed, some never yet committed. Meaning: Some of us live alone after divorcing marriage partners, some of us live in solitude because the marriage partners passed away, some solitary conditions result from the fact that some of us have not yet married. Para. 2 Loneliness may be a sort of national disease here, and it's more embarrassing for us to admit than any other sin. Meaning: To feel unhappy when being alone may be a kind of typical American bad habit and Americans feel more embarrassed to admit having this bad habit than any other sin. Here the word "disease" refers to a bad attitude or habit, usually one that a group of people have. On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero. Meaning: On the other hand, the deliberate choice of solitude by refusing companions instead of being excluded by others is one special quality of an American hero. on purpose: deliberately; intentionally Was it an accident or did David do it on purpose? ُ/faYNEe؏/f'YkSEeaZPv I'm sorry I broke the glass  I didn't do it on purpose. [ Nw bSbxNstog  b N/fEeav0 cast out: (literary) get rid of; drive out or away; expel, esp. by using force; make sb. leave a place or refuse to accept sb. as part of a groupvQ q cast out devil qvT< The poor fellow was cast out by the landlady when his last penny had gone. S`vwzNcgTN*NOXKNT 1\?bN*Y*YvNQS0 The solitary hunter or explorer& solitary: adj. (of a person or an animal) enjoying being alone, frequently spending time alone; alone, with no other people or things around a solitary existenceE\u;m a poor and solitary life d[6ONvu;m ... needs no one as they venture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas. venture out: risk going somewhere that might be dangerous or unpleasant They ventured out on the thin ice and fell through.NNQi NQ ~gcۏN4l̑0 Today's the first time I've ventured out of doors since my illness.N)Y/fbuT,{N!kQiQ0 ( verture: (1) (+on, upon) Qi; beN venture on an undertakingQiNNgyNN (&Z)Q'f \O I venture to say that....U`bQ'f0W...0 Nobody ventured to interrupt him.l gNbeSbeNv݋0 & to tame the great wild areas. (Para. 2) tame: v. (1) make sb. or sth. easy to control tame nature_ g'Y6q A group of policemen was called out to tame the crowds. 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NU"k~4O SrY0 be for: support; favour I'm for the chairman's plan. b^b;N-^vR0 "I'm all for sexual equality but I don't want my wife to work," said the man. They all speak highly of themselves for seeking it out,& Meaning: They all have a high opinion of themselves /are very proud of themselves for discovering inspiration in solitude,& speak highly of: express or have a high opinion of[& & ~Nؚ^ċN ^lb She speaks highly of the new teacher. yY[ُMOeYe^ċN_ؚ0 The students speak highly of their history teacher.f[uؚ^ċNNNvSS^0 c.f. speak ill /well of: express a bad /good opinion of$, ˋk, ...OW݋/y^ Don't speak ill of the dead. +R{kvOW݋0 seek out: find (sth. or sb.) by looking hard~bQ d[Q It took me several weeks to seek out the information that I wanted. bN}YQ*NfgMb~b0RbvDe0 Para. 4 & waving as he sets forth into the early spring sunlight& set forth: (lit.) start a journey/T z R They set forth on their hike immediately after breakfast.NNemTl N/T z_Y_ekeL0 He set forth on a three-month trip around the world.N/T z_Y:Ng N*NgvhT8nNLuveL0 Para. 5 No doubt about it, solitude is improved by being voluntary. Meaning: Undoubtedly, one can even find pleasure in living alone if he or she chooses to stay alone of his or her own free will. & before they silently creep away, so he can create poetry. creep away: leave rather slowly and quietly, or carefully in order to avoid being noticed They crept away in order not to wake the baby.:NN N_tZ?Q NNQKbQ0Wp_N0 poetry: n. [U] poems in general as a form of literature;`y ׋ ׋Lk The actor will be reading from contemporary poetry and prose.ُoXT\gS_N׋LkTceev k0 She started writing poetry at a young age.yYt^~_\veP1\_YQ׋N0 dictate: v. (1) say words aloud for sb. else to write down He dictated a letter to his secretary. NTyfNScON0 The teacher dictated a passage to the class. ^s Nf[u,TQN{ez0 tell sb. what to do, esp. in an annoying way Conquerors dictated terms of surrender._ g:_6Rĉ[bMagN0 Conscience dictates truthfulness. o_OONTw0 & these artistic types& Meaning: & these artistic people& The word "type" refers to a person of a stated kind. Para. 8 The American high priest of solitude was Thoreau. Meaning: The American representative figure of the solitary way of life is Thoreau. high priest: If you call a man the high priest of a particular thing, you are saying (in a slightly mocking way) that he is considered by people to be expert in that thing. People refer to him as the high priest of cheap periodical fiction.NNyN:N^NBg_\vN[0 Para. 9 He had company in and out of the hut all day, asking him how he could possibly be so noble. Meaning: People came in and out of Thoreau's hut all day, as they wanted to know how he managed to be so sacred, as if nothing secular could disturb him. Para. 10 Thoreau had his own self-importance for company. Meaning: The reason for Thoreau's holy life was the thought that he was more important than other people, which accompanied him and helped expel the disturbance from the world outside. Perhaps there's a message here. The larger the ego, the less the need for other egos around. The more modest and humble we feel, the more we suffer from solitude, feeling ourselves inadequate company. Meaning: Perhaps here the most important idea is: if a person's sense of his own value and importance is stronger, he is less likely to stay with others. On the contrary, if we think less of our own values and abilities and think us less important than others, we are more likely to find unbearable the state of being alone and be discontented with staying all by ourselves. We want to stay with others. ego: n. one's idea or opinion of oneself, or great feeling of one's own importance and abilityb  \_ Is success good for ego? bR[N*NNv \ g}YYT His criticism injured my ego.Nvybċ$ONbv \_0 humble: adj. (1) having a low opinion of oneself and a high opinion of others Why were you so humble in the manager's office? (W~tRlQ[̑`O:NNHN7hQSH\ The man's humble behavior made a favorable impression on the judge. ُN&m`v>Nbk~l[Yu NN_}YvpSa0 having a low rank or social position He held a humble position. NLMONO N0 The managing director began in a very humble job. MO~tN_YNN_NO NvLN0 Para. 11 If you live with other people, their temporary absence can be refreshing. Meaning: If other people keep you company in daily life, their short period of leaving can be pleasantly new. While the others are absent you can stretch out your soul until it fills up the whole room, and use your freedom, coming and going as you please without apology, staying up late to read, soaking in the bath, eating a whole pint of ice cream at one sitting, moving at your own pace. Meaning: While the others are away, you can let your soul spread to the point where it reaches every corner of the room, and enjoy your freedom to the full extent.You may come and go at will without the irritating thought that it may bother someone and you should apologize, or go to bed later than usual for the sake of reading, or enjoy the pleasure of bathing, or eat up a whole pint of ice cream at a time, or move and behave at the speed that suits you the best. stretch out: (1) make or become wider or longer, lengthen (sth.) by pulling The rubber band can be stretched out to twice its length. ُagajvK{Sb$N P0 Some of the members tried to stretch the meeting out. NNOXT`^Oe0 lie down, usu. in order to relax or sleep He stretched himself out on the sofa and fell asleep. N8OU\@wP[(WlS Naw@wN0 He stretched out in front of the fire. N(WpkpMRU\NN NV0 fill up: become completely full; make sth. completely full Research work and lectures filled up his time. xvz]\ONSo`SnNNve0 She filled up all the buckets she could lay her hands on. yYb@b g~b0RvcvhňnN0 stay up late: remain late out of bed, as at night He asked his son not to stay up late.N?QP[ NqY0 We stayed up late to watch TV. bN w5uƉ w0R_ZfMbaw0 at one sitting: a period of time that a person spends sitting and doing an activity I read the book at one sitting. bPW@wNSlbfN[N0 at one's own pace: at the speed at which sb. does sth. as fast as or as slow as he can We encourage all students to work at their own pace. bNR@b gvf[u c]vۏ^f[`N0 He prefers to work at his own pace. NfU"k cgq]vOY]\O0 But when you live alone, the temporary absence of your friends and acquaintances leaves a vacuum; they may never come back. Meaning: But if you live in solitude and your friends and acquaintances leave for the time being, you will have the feeling of emptiness, and they may never come back. Para. 12 The condition of loneliness rises and falls, but the need to talk goes on forever. Meaning: A person's feeling of loneliness keeps changing, now strengthens, now weakens, but he always has the need of talking to others. & fell on a slippery floor& slippery: adj. wet, smooth or oily so that it slides easily or causes sth. to slide It had been raining and the road was slippery.Nv N@w N_n0 The path is slippery  watch out! _n S__ It's the daily succession of small complaints and observations and opinions that backs up and chokes us. Meaning: It's the daily series of our complaints and observations and views on various issues that stuffs us and makes us feel uneasy, filling us with the desire to talk to others. back up: (1) block up The heavy rainfall backed up the sewers. 'Y薊b4l5X^XN0 The cars backed up for miles. }lfb^X >\vcpȇ0 support sb. or sth.; say that what sb. says, etc. is true He doesn't back up his arguments with facts. Nl g(uN[eg/ec]vp0 He backed me up whole-heartedly as he always did. 1\PNN/@bZPv7h NhQ_hQa0W/ecb0 choke: v. (1) become or make sb. become unable to speak Anger choked his words. Nl_ NQ݋eg0 He choked on the idea of those years. N`0RNt^4Y N1\oR_ NQ݋eg0 stop or partly stop breathing She almost choked to death in the thick fumes.yY]pSmp[T{k0 He grabbed her by the throat and almost choked the life out of her.NbOOyYvP[ ]pbyYc{k0 block or fill a passage, space, etc. so that movement is difficult The pond was choked with rotten leaves. `lXX̑^XnNpSP[0 The streets were choked with refugees. W N$cnNl0 & or we don't trust that new Supreme Court justice. supreme: adj. at the highest level; used in a title to show sb. or a group of people is at the highest level in an organization the Supreme Court gؚlb He was the supreme commander of the armed forces. N/ffkňvgؚc%c[0 justice: n. (1) a judge The President is expected to name a new Supreme Court justice within the next few days.NNgg;`~(WQ)YQN}TNMOevgؚlbvl[0 the putting of the law into action a court of justice lb l^ The police are doing all they can do to bring those responsible for the bombing to justice.feck`=\NRRlbrpHhvCQQ Nl^0 fair behavior or treatment They have at last received compensation for their injuries, so justice has been done. NN~N_0RN$O[TP ckIN_N1\_0RN8O _0 The winner has been disqualified for cheating, so justice has been done.*NQQV:N\O _ SmNyS ُ N1\lQs^N0 Para. 13 & talk at length to ourselves& at length: (1) taking a long time; in great detail; fully He went on at great length about his various illnesses. N U USS0WNN_vTyuu0 He will first give you a summary of the situation and then discuss it at length. N\HQ~`ON|bb_R 6qTQۏL~v0 & bought the powdered hot chocolate mix,& powdered: (1) adj. (of a substance that is naturally liquid) dried and made into a mass of very small fine pieces or grains powdered sugar || powered chocolate ]KQR| She used the powdered milk to feed her baby. yY(uvY|egUi[P[0 It's important to stay rational. Meaning: It is important to always think clearly and not get emotionally unbalanced. Para. 15 It's important to stop waiting and settle down and make ourselves comfortable, at least temporarily, and find some grace and pleasure in our condition, not like a self-centered British poet but like a patient princess sealed up in a tower, waiting for the happy ending to our fairy tale. Meaning: At least for the time being, the important thing for us solitary people to do is to stop meaningless waiting to get into a comfortable position and find some pleasant things in the solitude. We shouldn't live like a British poet who tends to think only about himself and turns a blind eye to the needs or feelings of other people; instead, we should behave like a princess of the fairy story who, in spite of the state of being shut up in a tower alone, still patiently waits for the arrival of a satisfactory ending. seal up: close a container tightly or fill a crack, etc., esp. so that air, liquid, etc. cannot get in or out Make sure the parcel of examination scripts is properly sealed up. nxOňwSvP[[\}YN0 They sealed up the cracks in the window to stop the icy wind from blowing in. NN\OOz7b Nv ;!cQQv[Θ0 Para. 16 It may not be where we expected to be, but for the time being we might as well call it home. Meaning: We may not be content with the condition we are now in, but at present there is no harm in calling the place where we live home. for the time being: just for the present; not for long They will take no action for the time being.NNfe؏ NQYǑSNUOLR0 I am staying at home for the time being. bvMRFT(W[̑0 might /may as well: If you say you might /may as well do sth., you mean you will do it though you may feel slightly reluctant about it. Anyway, you're here; you might as well stay. N{`7h `O]~egN 1\ NYFT(Wُ?Q'T0 3.3 Post-reading Activities: 3.3.1Writing SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  3.3.2 Summary 3.3.3 Comprehension Questions Answering (Text Book P112) 3.4 Assignment 3.4.1 Exercises 3.4.2 Paragraph writing Directions: Write a composition of no less than 120 words on one of the following topics, with a comparison made about a certain topic. Topic : Shopping in stores vs shopping online Unit 6 Book 4 Section A: Bribery and Business Ethics 1. Teaching Objectives: To know the meaning and usage of some important words, phrases and patterns; To learn about forms of bribery, and try to analyze them with the life experience; To be familiar with the writing skills of the text and write paragraphs in that structure. 2. Time Allotment: 1st period: Pre-reading activities (Background information; warming up) 2nd period: While-reading activities Text structure analysis; language points) 3rdperiod: Post-reading activities (comprehension questions; summary; writing) 4th period: Assignment 3. Teaching Procedure: 3.1 Pre-reading Activities: 3.1.1 Background Information Chrysler Corporation: Chrysler Corporation, founded in 1924, used to be one of the three largest American automobile manufacturers whose brands include both passenger and commercial vehicles such as Chrysler, Jeep and Dodge. The other two largest American automobile manufacturers are General Motors and Ford. In addition to auto making, Chrysler is also engaged in financial services, providing loan services (mostly) to car buyers. In 1998 it merged with Daimler-Benz AG (of Germany) (best known for its Mercedes-Benz brand name) to become part of the DaimlerChrysler Corporation, which is jointly owned by European, U.S. and other international investors. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): A U.S. government agency, whose mission is to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the securities markets. The Commission was set up by the U.S. Congress in 1933 in response to the aftermath of the  Black Monday , the Great Stock Market Crash of 1929. It purpose was to restore investor confidence in the U.S. capital markets by providing more structure and government oversight. It is based on the concept that all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it. To achieve this, the SEC requires public companies to disclose meaningful financial and other information to the public, which provides a common pool of knowledge for all investors to use to judge for themselves if a company s securities are a good investment. It is believed that only through the steady flow of timely, comprehensive and accurate information can people make sound investment decisions. At present the SEC is comprised of five presidentially-appointed Commissioners, four Divisions and 18 Offices, with a total of about 3,100 staff. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC): The aim of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), founded in 1919, is to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. Its activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime. ICC is made of a World Council (its governing body) and individual national committees and groups. Individual companies, corporations, professional associations as well as individuals can also join ICC as individual members. 3.1.2 Warming-up Group Discussion: In what forms does bribery come? What's the negative effect of commercial bribery? What can we do to restore ethics in business? 3.2 While-reading Activities: 3.2.1 Text Structure Analysis Part I (Para. 1-4): It concentrates on the point of view that bribery is a common problem occurring in many countries. Part II (Para. 5-8): It focuses on the three categories of bribery. Part III. (Para. 9-11): It tells us about the efforts to prohibit bribery. 3.2.2 Language Points 1. Bribery and Business Ethics 1)bribery: n. [U] the act of offering money or sth. valuable to sb. in order to persuade them to do sth. for youL?, S? The organization was rife(nfMv) with bribery and corruption.~~QEQe@wL?S?TP%0 2)bribe: (1) v. try to make (sb.) do sth. for you by giving them money, presents or sth. else that they want He escaped and fled to England after his family bribed officials. (WN[e?B[XTKNT N_NV0 n. money, etc. that is given to sb. such as an official to persuade him/ her to do sth. esp. sth. dishonest He was accused of accepting/taking bribes from wealthy businessmen. Nc6eS[FUv?B0 ethics: n. (1) (pl.) moral rules or principles of behavior governing a person or groupS_ĉ Medical ethics do not permit doctors to advertise. ;S_ NAQ;Su{v^JT0 (sing.) science that deals with morals Ethics is a branch of philosophy. &Otf[/fTf[vRy0 c.f. ethic: n. system of moral principles&Ot‰/f[ The puritan ethic was being replaced by the Hedonist ethic, right there in the heartland. 1\(W-N_:SW nYe_&Ot‰NPN;NIN&Ot‰@bSN0 They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries. (Paraphrase) Meaning: They often don t realize that various forms of bribery are becoming more frequent and that in some countries it is traditional to bribe people in some ways. on the increase: becoming more frequent or greater in number or intensity(WX-N 3. & the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import license for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid  procedural delays , as he puts it. Meaning: & the Minister of Trade says clearly to you that if you bribe him with a large sum of money, you will get an import license for your goods more easily and quickly, because some of the procedures will go quickly and smoothly without delay. substantial: adj. (1) large in amount or valuevS_peϑbNkUSKNT0 stand by: (1) still believe or agree with sth. said, decided or agreed earlieru[ e\L to stand by one's promiseu[ She still stands by every word she said. yYN6qO[]@bvkNS݋0 (2)help sb. or be friends with them, even in difficult situationsz(WNw, .^R I would stand by her in need.Y gv݋ bO/ecyYv0 (3)be present while sth. bad is happening but not do anything to stop Kbe‰ a)How can you stand by and see him accused of something he didn't do? w@wNeS0Rcc `O`Kbe‰ It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Meaning: Talking about having high standards of good behavior and honesty is easy. But, in reality, what would one actually do in such a situation? ؚ\vS_hQweg[f FO[E NNN(Wُy`Q NvzzO`HNZPbT in practice: What happens in practice is what actually happens, in contrast to what is supposed to happen. [E N N[ N (W[-N a)It seemed like a good idea before we started, but in practice it was a disaster. _YMRُky0 consist of: be formed from two or more things1u...~b a)The jury consisted of eight men and four women. j[V1ukQ THQuTVMOsYX~b0 b)It was easy to show that the new evidence consisted of lies. _[f wQegevnc/f0 secure: v. obtain or achieve sth., esp. when this means using a lot of effort a)Chemical companies have finally secured insurance to help them pay the costs of cleaning up the long-term damage they do to the environment. Sf[lQSg~_NOi9 (uN.^R[N/eNnd[sX bvg_c[@bv9(u0 b)The delegation has secured the promise of a ceasefire. ُ*NNhVNS0RN\Pkpvb0 14. For example, one U.S. corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a U.S. presidential candidate& in support of: supporting a)They have come out on strike in support of their pay claim. NN:N/ecRBl >NLb]0 15. This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance secret U.S. efforts to throw out the government of Chile. Meaning: It was made known that it was also this company that was prepared to provide money for the U.S. government so as to help it get rid of the government of Chile. throw out: make (sb.) leave because of a fault; get rid of (sth.) b_ Tbc qd a)Two members were thrown out of the club for failing to pay the money they owed. $N TOPNbXT1uN*g/eN k>k qQOPN0 b)If you don't want these books any more I'll throw them out. `O N`ُNfNv݋ b1\b[NTbcN0 16. & a  negotiator who helped close a deal for the supply of tanks and other military equipment to that country. Meaning: & a person who was involved in negotiations and helped complete a business agreement for selling tanks and other military equipment to that country. close a /the deal: make a successful business arrangement[bNf uabN 17. Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts. Meaning: People know that other countries have also asked foreign companies to put money into their party bank accounts. ncvQNV[_N/fYdk TYVlQSeS NNTZQ>m~~v&7bPc>k0 donation: n. (+ to, of) sth. that is given to a person or an organization such as a charity, in order to help them; the act of giving sth. in this way a)The work of the charity is funded by voluntary donations. ُ*NHaUVSOvЏ\ODёegꁎNNNv?aPc>k0 b)Charities appealed for donations of food and clothing for victims of the hurricane. HaU:gg|TTNN~mSӘΘQv0W:Sv~plPc.sߘirTc g0 18. & to speed up the wheels of government. Meaning: & to make the procedures of government work go more quickly and smoothly. speed up: (cause to) move, go or happen more quickly; quickenO& & R_^ 19. Finally, he hit upon the answer. Meaning: Finally, he found the answer by chance. hit upon/on: think of a good idea suddenly or by chancex]`Q _6q`Q a)She hit upon the perfect title for her new novel. yYz6q:N]ve\`QNُ*N~}Yv TW[0 b)After running through the numbers in every possible combination, we finally hit on a solution. (W cTySv~TbُNpeW[xvzNNMNT bN~N~b0RN㉳QvRl0 20. Discovering that the minister collected rare books, & rare: adj. not common and therefore sometimes valuablezUv, pgQv, s5v, ({|)JSqv a)The museum is full of rare and precious treasures. ZSiȓ0RY/fzNs[0 b)These sheep are a relatively rare breed. ُN/fNyv[z gvTy0 21.  & but we could offer you a copy with a preface! Meaning: "& but we could give you one copy of that book with a preface of a large sum of money." 22. & the passage of a business deal. N~(WNf-Nw\O(u(vNN{9(u) Meaning: & the process of a business deal progressing. 23. Is it possible to devise a code of rules& Meaning: Is it possible to make a set of rules of behavior that are generally accepted by society or a social group& /f&T gSNWYlQSlĉQR2bkTy{|Wv?BbT code: a set of moral principles or rules of behavior that are generally accepted by society or a social group 24. This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and exaggerated fees that really amount to bribes. Meaning: This set of moral principles would try to make people recognize the difference between commissions that are paid for real services and exaggerated fees that really are the same as bribes. distinguish between: recognize the difference between:S+R a)Sometimes it's hard to distinguish between fake banknotes and genuine ones. gePGPNw^KN/f_:SRv0 b)It's important to distinguish between business and pleasure. RnckNT1ZPN/f_͑v0 amount to: be equal to or be the same as; add up to; be in total;` N asT@w a)His debts amount to five thousand dollars.N kv:PqQNCSCQ0 b)This amounts to a refusal.ُI{Nb~0 25. Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. Meaning: It is unfortunate that members of the ICC differ in their opinions about how to make people obey the code. enforce: v. (+ on, against) make sure that people obey a particular law or rule It's the job of the police to enforce the law. gbLl_/ffev#N0 26. The British members would like the system to have enough legal power to make companies behave themselves. Meaning: The British members would like the system to have lawful rights to make companies act in a correct and proper way. behave oneself: act in a way that people think is correct or properhp]v L:N O] _ĉHw a)He is now 20; it's time that he started behaving himself. Ns(W20N /fĉwLNvePN0 27. & a writer argued recently that  industry is caught in a web of bribery and that everyone is  on the take . Meaning: & a writer claimed recently that  the problem of bribery is so complicated that our industry can not get out of it and that everyone is  willing to accept money in a dishonest or illegal way . be caught in: If you are caught in an unpleasant situation or a storm, it happens when you cannot avoid it. weQ m0RG(), weQ(WWY) a)A rabbit was caught in a snare.(uw1sTQP[0 on the take: (slang) regularly taking bribesS? a)They claim that a senior police officer is on the take. NNXyN Tؚ~f[S?0 28. & it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience. Meaning: & it's difficult to make his business interests agree with his moral conscience very well. 6q S_NZPwmY.UvFUNN~8^N0RenxO]vFUN)Rv Se'aS_o_vX0W square sth. with sth. else: make two ideas, facts or situations agree or combine well with each other; agree or be consistent with another idea, fact or situation&{T v&{ a)His statement doesn't square with the facts.NvHNN[ N&{0 b)The interests of farmers need to be squared with those of consumers. Qlv)Rv^勌Tm9v)Rv~Tweg0 3.3 Post-reading Activities: 3.3.1Writing SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  3.3.2 Summary 3.3.3 Comprehension Questions Answering (Text Book P136) 3.4 Assignment 3.4.1 Exercises 3.4.2 Paragraph writing Directions: Write a composition of no less than 120 words with a general statement supported by details on one of the following topic. Topic: Two kinds of people who choose to live alone on purpose Listing: The first group: artists seeking inspiration Example: story of a writer The second group: people being disappointed with life Example: story of a woman Unit 7 Book 4 Section A: Research into Population Genetics 1.Teaching Objectives: To know the meaning and usage of some important words, phrases and patterns; To learn about human and genes, and understand the relation between success, genes and parental guiding; To be familiar with the writing skills of the text and develop a paragraph of listing examples. 2. Time Allotment: 1st period: Pre-reading activities (Background information; warming up) 2nd period: While-reading activities Text structure analysis; language points) 3rdperiod: Post-reading activities (comprehension questions; summary; writing) 4th period: Assignment 3. Teaching Procedure: 3.1 Pre-reading Activities: 3.1.1 Background Information Luca Cavalli-Sforza: Born in Genoa, Italy, Luca Cavalli-Sforza was educated at the University of Pavia where he gained his M.D. in 1944. After working on bacterial genetics at Cambridge (1948-1950) and Milan (1950-1957) he held chairs in genetics at Parma (1958-1962) and Pavia (1962-1970). In 1970 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Stanford, California, a position he held until his retirement in 1992. He has specialized mainly in the genetics of human populations, producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics, Evolution and Man (1976). He has also done much to show how genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct their past separations. This reconstruction, based on the analysis of 58 genes, yields a bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian and African races in one branch and Orientals, Oceanians, and Amerinds in the other. Christopher Columbus: He was an Italian-born master navigator (born in Italy in 1451 and died in Spain in 1506) who sailed in the service of Spain, is now commonly described as the discoverer of the New World America. His four transatlantic voyages (1492-1493, 1493-1496, 1498-1500, and 1502-1504) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. Columbus real greatness lies in the fact that having found the West Indies, he was able to find his way back to Europe and return to the Indies. It is as the result of Columbus  discovery that the New World became part of the European world. Human genetic map: Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific sequence of 20 different amino acids. DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of four types of nucleotides. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of DNA called a gene. Three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein. The genetic code is universal among all living things. Khoisan: Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa, the Khoi (Hottentots) and the San (Bushmen) are known. These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni and other black peoples. There were probably about 120,000 living in South Africa around 1500. The Basques:  possessor of the Basque language . No one knows exactly where the Basques came from. Some say they have lived in that area since Cro-Magnon man first roamed Europe. Estimates of how long they have lived there vary from 10,000 to 75,000 years. Some say they are descended from the original Iberians. More fanciful theories exist as well. One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis. 3.1.2 Warming-up Group Discussion: What s your definition of population genetics? What s the origin of population genetics? What major factors usually lead to genetic changes? 3.2 While-reading Activities: 3.2.1 Text Structure Analysis Part I (Para. 1): The theoretical significance of The History and Geography of Human Genes. Part II (Para. 2): The contribution of the book. Part III. (Para. 3-4): The difficulties encountered in the process of conducting the research, Part IV. (Para. 5-9): It lists 4 major contributions of the first genetic map of the world. Part V. (Para. 10): The social value of the research. 3.2.2 Language Points 1. While not exactly a top selling book, The History and Geography of Human Genes is a remarkable collection of more than 50 years of research in population genetics. Meaning: Although the book is not, in a real sense, a best seller, The History and Geography of Human Genes is a special and unusual book, which reflects 50 years' effort in the research work on population genetics. a top selling book: a book that a lot of people buy Of the ten top selling books this year, six are non-fiction ones. Nt^10,ggEuvfN-N g6,g/f^\{|vfNM|0 2. It stands as the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes. Meaning: The book marks itself out as a survey that has so far obtained the fullest information on human genetic evolution.[[N{|(WWVB\b Nv]_\ONďN:Nbkg:N^lvg stand as: (1) act as; (2) \O(O N)z extensive: adj. including or dealing with a wide range of information; covering a large area^lv a)The baby was put through extensive tests.ُ*NtZ?QcSNhQbvhg0 b)The school has extensive playing fields.ُ*Nf[!h g[v;mR:W0W0 to date: until nowN v0Rs(W a)This is the biggest book I've had to date.ُ/f0RvMR:Nbkb@bb gvg'YN,gfN0 3. The book's firm conclusion: once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discounted, the  races are remarkably alike under the skin. Meaning: The book firmly concludes that if the genes for superficial characteristics such as skin color and height are disregarded, all human races are fundamentally alike. discount: v. think or say that sth. is not important or not true_Ɖ:NvQ NSOb g8Y'YbR NO  Ntlw a)Much of what he says must be discounted; he imagines things. NvY݋/fSbbcbv NU"k`P0 b)We can discount their team  they have three injured players. bNSN NtO)Rirfm  NN g N T$OXT0 n. an amount of money that is taken off the usual cost of sth. c)Students get a 15% discount on some theatre tickets. NNgRbvbhy f[uSNSbkQNb0 4. The variation among individuals is much greater than the differences among groups. Meaning: Individuals display a much greater degree of change than groups do. variation: n. change in amount or levelSS Sf S_ Sy a)The medical tests showed some variation in the baby's heart rate. ;SuhghftZ?Qv_s gN]_0 a)There are wide variations in the way pensioners have benefited from the system. `{Qё^evNNNُ*NSO6R-N_vve_ g_'Y:S+R0 5. In fact, there is no scientific basis for theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another. Meaning: Actually, theories suggesting that one race of people is superior to another have no scientific basis. 6. The book, however, is much more than an argument against the latest racially biased theory. more than:  having greater value or importance than sth. else or  not only& , not just&  Please note here  more than is used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison.  More than + a noun phrase: a)Learning English is more than attending the classes and taking notes.f[`N NS/feg NT{0 b)He's more than a coach; he's a friend.N NS/fN*NYe~ Nf/fNMO gS0  More than + a verbal phrase: a)We more than waited from morning till night; we were worried. bN NS/fNeNvI{0RZf ؏b_S`0 b)She more than suffered from the disease; she was penniless. yY NNN/fqSuuKN Nwz_eRe0  More than + an adjective phrase: a)She was more than glad to hear the news. ,T0Rُ*Nmo`yY^8^ؚtQ0 b)His house is more than large and beautiful. Nv?bP[^8^'Y_N^8^oN0 7. The prime mover behind the project, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a Stanford professor, labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the first genetic map of the world. Meaning: The leading scientist behind the project, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a Stanford professor, worked hard with his colleagues for 16 years to produce the first worldwide map of human genes. mover n. (1) One that moves ЏR ЏRvNbir a)a fast mover in corporate circles.(WlQS_;mRvN (2) One that transports household or office goods from one location to another as an occupation ,d[]N LN/fNN*N0WeTSN0We,dЏ[(uirTbRlQ(uTvN (3)R 9T ( prime moverc nothing less than: exactly the same as c.f. nothing more than Please note that  nothing less than is often used to emphasize how important or undesirable something is.  Nothing less than is often used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison.  Nothing less than + a noun phrase: a) You're nothing less than a murderer! `O{v/fN*N@gNr! b)The setting up of this university in three months is nothing less than a miracle. N*Ng1\^bNُ*N'Yf[{v1\/fN*NGY0  Nothing less than + an adjective phrase: a)The present trend is nothing less than alarming. S_MRvُyRnx[NNb_0 b)His experience is nothing less than magical and I am moved to tears. Nv~S{v*YwQT{^ri_ baR_Am Ne f a)This week's broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence. ,ghT^d\[[^fRS[ۏLN*Nyr+RbS0 b)The film features Damie Moore as a rebellious teenager. ۞s|id\(Wq_Gr-NnboNMO'`f:yN*NNvWVg vh_0 serve as: fulfil the purpose of (sth.) a)In the absence of anything better, the box would serve as a table. (Wl gf}YvNv`Q N ُ{P[SNS_LhP[(u0 reveal: v. show sth. that previously could not be seenU\s c:y f2 a)He pulled back his sleeve and revealed the scar on his arm. NdwP[ 2QN󀊁 Nv$Ou0 12. & the authors assembled profiles& assemble: v. (1) bring people or things together as a group; come together as a groupƖT,ZƖ, a)He has refused to come to any kind of conclusions until he has assembled all the information he thinks relevant. Nb~(W6eƖ0R@b gvsQOo`KNMR NNUO~0 b)The members of the tour group assembled at the airport for departure. eLVvbXTN(W:g:WƖTQYQS0 (2)fit together all the separate parts of sth., for example a piece of furniture a)The shelves are easy to assemble. ُNgP[_[fňM0 b)It's one of those beds that you have to assemble yourself. ُy^`O]egňM0 13. And to ensure the populations were "pure", the study was confined to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492, before the first major movements from Europe began  in effect, a genetic photo of the world when Columbus sailed for America. Meaning: And to make sure the survey participants were not mixed with outsiders, the study was limited to districts where people had been living since 1492 and were not affected by the first major movements from Europe due to Columbus's discovery of America. In fact, what the scientists drew was a genetic map of the world in 1492. be confined to: be restricted or kept within certain limits or timeP6RN @\PN a)The wild animals are confined in small cages in the zoo.ΑuRirsQ(WRirVv\<{P[̑0 b)He is confined to the house by illness.NVu NQ0 as of /from: (used when a new rule, system, or situation will start from) starting fromN& & ePw a)The new timetable will come into effect as of January 2003. eveh\N2003t^1gwuHe0 in effect: (1) in factN[ N [E N He is, in effect, my rival.[E NN/fbvzN[Kb0 (2)ck(W[L The old system is still in effect.e6R^N gHe0 14. & he was confronted by an angry farmer waving an axe. confront: v. face sb., esp. in an unfriendly or dangerous situation; face sth. difficult bravelyOb4N [b a)confront realityckƉs[ 15. One of them jumps right off the book's cover: a color map of the world's genetic variation has Africa at one end of the range and Australia at the other. Meaning: One of the discoveries was right on the book's cover  a color map of world's genetic change, showing that Australians are most distant from the Africans in genes. off: prep. (1) fromN& eg a)What else do you want off me? (Jimmy Breslin) `O؏`Nbُ_0RNNHN? ( Ts|^eg) (2)extending or branching out fromN& ibEQbR/eQegv a)an artery off the heart.N_R/eQvR 16. Because Australia's native people and black Africans share such superficial characteristics as skin color and body shape, they were widely assumed to be closely related. Meaning: Because Australia's native people and black people have in common some apparent characteristics like skin color and body shape, people popularly think, although having no proof that, they are closely related. superficial: adj. (1) appearing to be true or real until looked at more carefullyhb NvNN*NOP[0 b)In addition, the research is expected to shed light on the social consequences of cities' changing economic roles. SY ُNxvz_N ^g_nW^ NeSSv~Nm҉r@b&^egv>yOq_T0 23. & the Khoisan people are directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors. be descended from: have sb. as an ancestor a)She always claimed her family was descended from the ancient Kings of Egypt. yY;`XyyYv[e/fSWSVsvTԈ0 b)Charles Darwin pointed out that human beings are descended from animals. g\e\ecQN{|/fRirvTԈ0 24. But their genes beg to differ. Meaning: But their genes tell a different story. 25. A genetic trail visible on the maps shows that the breeding ground for this mixed population probably lies in Ethiopia or the Middle East. breeding ground: TKN0W 26. The most distinctive members& ryrv/NO N Tv bXT distinctive: adj. having a quality or characteristic that makes sth. different and easily noticedryrv/NO N Tv a)She had a distinctive appearance.yYvYNO N T0 27. In addition to telling us about our origins, genetic information is also the latest raw material of the medical industry, & Meaning: Apart from telling us about where we come from, genetic information can also be used for the medical purpose. 28. Activists for native populations fear that the scientists could exploit these peoples: genetic material taken from blood samples could be used for commercial purposes without adequate payment made to the groups that provide the DNA. Meaning: Activists for native populations worry that the scientists could take advantage of these peoples, getting DNA information from their blood samples to gain profit without paying them enough. exploit: v. (1) treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for oneselfeRJR a)to exploit the pooreRJRwzN (2)use sth. well in order to gain as much from it as possible_Ǒ _S O(u a)exploit one's talents.EQRS%cgNvMb 29. Cavalli-Sforza stresses that his mission is not just scientific but social as well. Meaning: Cavalli-Sforza stresses that his task is not only of scientific importance but also of social significance. mission: n. an important task or purposeNR O}TOV NhV not just& but& as well: not only& but also 30. The study's ultimate aim, he says, is to "weaken conventional notions of race" that cause racial prejudice. 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